Ich schreibe diesen Post unter anderem auch als Antwort auf diesen Blogpost auf tou.ch (und spezifisch auf den Kommentar von “Blocher”). Ich finde ja, eine einzige Person als “Schuldigen” herauszustellen, wenn auch 121 andere Leute anders hätten wählen können, etwas seltsam – jeder einzelne Parlamentarier war ein pivotaler Wähler.

Wirtschaftspolitisch ein erfreuliches Ereignis, eigentlich. Aber dies soll nicht das Thema dieses Blogposts sein. Das hier hingegen schon (Video aus Late Service Public):

In der politischen Diskussion wurde in letzter Zeit regelmässig das Schlagwort der “Konkordanz” für diverse Positionen benutzt. Ich denke, dass wir uns hier vor allem deshalb nicht verstehen, weil jeder das Wort etwas anders definiert; ein typisch sprachphilosophisches Problem. Ich würde gerne die folgenden Arten der Konkordanz unterscheiden (Nomenklatur recht willkürlich, lediglich die arithmetische Konkordanz ist schon im Sprachgebrauch), über die gängige Definition der Konkordanzdemokratie hinaus:

• Arithmetische Konkordanz – jede Partei muss gemäss ihrer prozentualen Vertretung im Parlament auch prozentual im Bundesrat vertreten sein.
• Gleichschaltende Konkordanz – jeder Bundesrat sollte das denken und fühlen, was der Gesamtbundesrat beschlossen hat, und kann somit gar nichts dagegen sagen wollen. Er wird auch in Zukunft im BR gemäss vergangener Bundesratsbeschlüsse argumentieren.
• Inhaltliche Konkordanz – jeder Bundesrat sollte das vertreten, was der Gesamtbundesrat beschlossen hat, und sollte seinen Kollegen nicht in den Rücken fallen. (Auch: Kollegialitätsprinzip)
• Positionale Konkordanz – die Kernbotschaften jeder Partei müssen durch ihren Vertreter im Bundesrat vertreten sein.
• Personelle Konkordanz – die Kernbotschaften jeder Partei müssen durch die Vertreter, die sie designiert und vorgeschlagen haben, im Bundesrat vertreten sein.

Positionen

Die positionale und arithmetische Konkordanz werden von niemandem ernsthaft bestritten. Die inhaltliche Konkordanz wird nur von einigen wenigen radikaleren SVP-Exponenten in Frage gestellt, ich glaube, auch diese sollten wir als „Konsens“ abtun. Das Parlament hat ja bei der Abwahl von Alt-BR Blocher, die es bis in den Deutschen Blick geschafft hat, recht deutlich gemacht, was es von dieser Einstellung hält.

Bei den anderen Arten von Konkordanz jedoch gehen die Meinungen auseinander.

Die SVP: Sie findet, personelle Konkordanz sei wichtig, und stellt sie mit arithmetischer und positionaler Konkordanz gleich. Weiter stellt die SVP-Rhetorik inhaltliche und gleichschaltende Konkordanz oft gleich, und benutzt diese Gleichstellung als Argument gegen die inhaltliche Konkordanz (oder tat dies zumindest, diese Position hat sich mittlerweile wieder aufgeweicht – Worte widersprechen hier Taten).

Die anderen Parteien: Sie können besser unterscheiden und sind nur nach “Zwängerei” der SVP mit knappster Mehrheit auf die personelle Konkordanz eingetreten, weil die SVP (nicht die anderen Parteien) sonst die arithmetische Konkordanz zerstört hätte.

Ueli Maurer

BR Maurer: Er scheint sich im Moment tatsächlich der inhaltlichen Konkordanz zu verschreiben. Diese beinhaltet ja nicht, dass er seine Position während BR-Beratungen nicht mehr vertreten und dafür argumentieren dürfte, beinhaltet aber sehr wohl, dass er Entschlüsse des Gesamtbundesrates vertritt und damit der Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft klare Zeichen von der Regierung sendet. BR Maurer scheint sie auch nicht mit einer gleichschaltenden Konkordanz zu verwechseln. Ich traue ihm zu, dass er uns alle noch positiv überrascht.

Weitere Betrachtungen

Die personelle Konkordanz ist ein Streitpunkt, bei dem in der Vergangenheit alle Parteien „schuldig“ sind. Gerade auch bei der SP wurden aber ja schon diverse Male (unter anderem durch die SVP) andere Vertreter in das Bundesratsamt gewählt, als von der Partei vorgeschlagen worden waren. Dies aber natürlich unter anderem auch deshalb, weil die dann gewählten Personen die Inhalte ihrer Partei anders und mehr im Sinne der wählenden Parteien vertreten hat – entsprechend sind tatsächlich personelle und positionale Konkordanz bis zu einem gewissen Grad miteinander verknüpft, aber natürlich nie in dem Ausmass, das die SVP uns weismachen möchte.

Schön ist ja, dass jetzt mit dem SVP-Anspruch auf einen Sitz von der SP oder FDP nun auch die arithmetische Konkordanz von rechter Seite in Frage gestellt wird – nachdem mit eben dieser arithmetischen Konkordanz für den Sitz, den sie nun mit BR Maurer erhalten hat, gekämpft wurde. Ich enthalte mich diesbezüglich eines Kommentars.

Ganz interessant in diesem Zusammenhang übrigens ist auch, dass die SVP bei den letzten kantonalen Wahlen es tatsächlich geschafft hat, aus der Exekutive aller urbanen Räume geworfen zu werden.

Update 2008-12-15 15:05: Im Stadtwanderer findet sich eine gute Übersicht bezüglich der Etymologie der Konkordanz, und wie sich das Prinzip in der Schweizer Politik entwickelt hat. Absolut lesenswert.

Samuel Schmid

Disclaimer: Swiss politics, so many links lead to German pages.

Samuel Schmid, member of the Swiss Federal Council (Bundesrat), is stepping back as per December 31th, as he just announced 10am this morning. It was, as sad to say as it is, inevitable.

The SVP, which was Schmids party until the end of last year, was partially torn apart by internal struggles when Christoph Blocher wasn’t re-elected for the Swiss Federal Council (the Swiss main executive body, consisting of 7 members) and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf was elected instead. That election was a true tour de force with opposition to Blocher that originally sparked in the center and the left of the political spectrum, mainly the SP and the Green, but gained supporters deep into the SVP. Later on, Schmid and Widmer-Schlumpf were kicked from the SVP, quite a few moderate members quit the party only weeks later, and found themselves in a newly formed (and less extreme) party, the BDP. A true polit thriller, we live in interesting times.

Blocher was the man who shaped the SVP for decades before that point, a populist and controverter, isolationist where it fits national-oriented voters and global where it fits his own industrial empire or the interest groups that he profits from, pretending to speak for the small and powerless while being a millionaire himself. When he was part of the Federal Council, he intended to do politics like he does economics, and he thinks economic leadership should be executed just like military leadership – so in effect, he tried to militarize politics. Which just won’t work, not in a democracy. Add his all the way anti-european stance and things that could be interpreted as racism, and you have one heck of a right wing politician.

I don’t like Blocher’s political style nor position, if that hasn’t become obvious yet, and apparently, so did the majority of our Federal Convention. The SVP threatened to enter the opposition, which on one hand isn’t entirely possible in Switzerland due to our many involved parties, and on the other hand is nothing new since the SVP always was in the opposition wherever possible. Anyway.

Much mud-slinging later, Samuel Schmid (who was called “half a Bundesrat” early on in his career in the federal council already by not-so-democratic elements in the SVP) has given in to the pressure, and is leaving. Both due to political and health reasons, it seems in the end the constant stress and pressure affected his healthiness, too.

It’s sad, because while he may not have represented the radical right-wing elements that so cling to and like their power, he certainly did represent the less extreme right, just like Moritz Leuenberger doesn’t follow through with positions from the extreme left but rather proposes solutions that are capable of winning a majority. We lose a down-to-earth, calm and reasonable council member, one from near the other end of the political spectrum from where I find myself that I could thoroughly respect, and that always had reasons for his actions and positions that I could follow and understand. It is a sad day for democracy when a man like that is successfully mobbed out of the position he was elected into.

Sources: 20min, NZZ, Twitter.

Update 2008-11-12 11:22: admin.ch already has a statement regarding the resignation of BR Schmid. Via tou.ch.

The mixes I made so far (you can order them as well, or expand upon them, by entering their codes here – unfortunately, there’s no way to link directly to a mix – Edit: Links added, see comments!):

• Schoggifrucht (Mix 54802): My first try, tasted too much like Mango I found, but maybe that was just due to bad mixing. The approach was right, but I didn’t find enough nuts in there.
• Schoggifrucht II (Mix 55349): More nuts, awesome, and my favourites (Pecan and Cashew), too. But suddenly, the “Frucht” bits were too sparse, I needed those Mango back.
  
• Schoggifrucht III (Mix 55510): The perfect mix! Fruity and chocolatey and corny, no raisins or other stuff I don’t like.
  

mymuesli

I hear that the mymuesli site makers were on TV and all over traditional media as well meanwhile, so this might be old news already. For me, it was a revelation: I never started eating Müesli for breakfast (and often, didn’t eat breakfast at all), because I just hadn’t found one that I liked, and eating through all of them just to find that there’s yet another one I don’t like didn’t sound all too appealing to me.

So my personal alternative to mymuesli isn’t really “eat local Biomüesli”, but “eat refined Kellogs stuff or even nothing at all” – and suddenly, it’s way more biological (all the contents adhere bio guidelines and have certifications and whatnot, too), and makes a lot of sense from a health and nourishment point of view as well.

Anyway, a thorough recommendation: If you live in Switzerland, Germany or Austria, and feel like trying the user-friendly web2.0 interface and tinkering your own (rather expensive, but worth it) Müesli, there isn’t really much that should stop you

In short, again, the reasons why I think biometric passports as per the current proposal are not reasonable:

• Too open access to the collected data, private institutions and foreign governments can access it without notice
• Privacy goes out the window when you can be tracked everywhere
• RFID is readable from meters away without line of sight
• Current RFID encryption is not secure, your passport can be read by crooks
• The only reason why the Swiss government wants those passports is because the USA told us so

I expanded upon all of those points in my earlier post.

Please, do something while you still can! Sign the referendum now. You will have to have your signatures verified already, meanwhile, as they write:

Senden Sie uns jetzt keine UNBEGLAUBIGTEN Bögen mehr. Gehen Sie mit den Bögen die Sie bis am Montag, 29.9. noch ausfüllen können direkt auf die zuständige Gemeindeverwaltung um die Unterschriften beglaubigen zu lassen. Oder senden Sie die Unterschriftenbögen DIREKT an die zuständige Gemeindeverwaltung.

You will then need to send this cover letter along.

Update: We’re there, voting will be May next year or so.

RFID - How It Works

The Swiss government has decided that our passports, like a few before ours, should store data on RFID chips. Meaning, the following data would be stored in that chip:

• fingerprints
• a digital photograph
• all the data that’s also available in printed form (name, gender, date of birth, eye color, and so on)

All this data could then be read out via electrical readers (as pictured in the diagram to the right, labels German).

That in and of itself isn’t necessarily evil! The current proposal concerning regulations and technology lets it be implemented in ways that make it evil though. Let me lay out why that is.

About RFID

If you haven’t heard of RFID before, it’s high time you read up at Wikipedia – and even if you did, there’s quite intriguing things I haven’t read before in there too. Short version:

An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

Additionally, the RFID chip can be passive – meaning, it has no energy source of its own and thus potentially lives forever. And as I’ll explain later more in-depth, you can’t track who obtains information from it. There are also active RFID chips, but since the ones used in passports are passive and there are no other fundamental differences beyond range between active and passive types, I’ll neglect active RFID chips for the rest of this post.

There are places where RFID chips make sense and most privacy concerns don’t apply (like race tracking, inventory systems, some kinds of animal tracking). But passports definitely aren’t one of them.

The Referendum

The referendum (a federal facultative referendum, that is) is carried from a surprisingly (in a very positive way) large number of independent political forces.

The referendum was launched because there is a vast number of unresolved issues that are introduced with biometric RFID passes (details see below).

Here is the RFID referendum website

If you’re Swiss, I strongly urge you to sign it within the next 10 days, if you haven’t already, and spread it among your friends and coworkers. Time is running out, the referendum only runs until September 22th, and apparently, over 30′000 more signatures are needed. Signature sheets are available on their site.

Privacy

It is not a coincidence that the RFID chip started out, originally, as an espionage device. Its passive nature and long life make it perfect for stealth placement and readout.

Accesses to the chip are not trackable, and while the chips in passports are protected by a metal mesh covering them that shields them against malicious scans, this (just like other things when it comes to RFID) doesn’t work as it should. Uncovered at the Blackhat 2006, a proof of concept showed:

The problem, according to Flexilis, is that the shielding does not fully protect passport against remote scans. Kevin Mahaffey from Flexilis says a medium powered scanner could detect a partially opened passport from four to six inches away. The theoretical maximum detection range is more than 10 feet, but Mahaffey said that would require a “huge amount of power.”

So, when you have such a passport, you’re trackable, identifiable, by anyone who has access to that kind of technology. Which is just about anyone who’s determined enough.

Furthermore, even “legitimate” (as per the legal text) kinds of tracking can go way beyond what we’re comfortable with. Airline companies, other companies with special permissions, your own and foreign governments, can and may track your every move. And once enough companies have your data in their databases, it’s bound to be stolen and out in the open eventually – data leaks do happen.

If you’re in the fortunate position to understand German, the StopRFID pages of the FoeBuD e.V. have way more info.

Security

There is a simple fact about RFID chips that no lobbyist will openly admit:

They are not secure.

You may have heard of MythBusters. It’s a Discovery Channel series that … busts myths. Often funny, like “can you surf on a wave created by a dynamite explosion”, but also stuff like “can you hack security fingerprint systems”. They tried to do an episode on RFID, and they were shut down by the industry. You draw the conclusions. References here: tom’s hardware, cnet news, the consumerist, all via Bruce Schneier.

“But”, I hear you say, “they’re meant to be made secure!” Well … yes. Read for yourself, in the federal Swiss decree:

Der Datenchip ist gegen Fälschungen und unberechtigtes Lesen zu schützen. Der Bundesrat bestimmt die entsprechenden technischen Anforderungen.

More or less, the chip is to be protected against malicious readouts, and details are to be determined by the executive.

But, there’s a problem with this: The same thing was meant to happen with the British passes’ RFID chips. And what happened? They were hacked a couple weeks after they were released. Read the details on The Guardian:

“The reader – I bought one for £250 – has to say hello to the chip and tell it that it is authorised to make contact. The key to that is in the date of birth, etc. Once they communicate, the conversation is encrypted, but I wrote some software in about 48 hours that made sense of it.”

More info on TechNewsWorld. Now, this was a white hat hacker. Who tells us that black hats have problems with what he achieved in 48 hours? We already know that it’s easy to access credit card numbers like that, why should full blown identity theft be made as easy as the (too easy) credit card theft?

Teleology

As we know, the main reason for adding those RFID chips in the first place is that the US wants everybody to do so. In their Enhanced Border Security and Visa Reform Act of 2002, we find:

Additionally, by October 26, 2004, in order for a country to remain eligible for participation in the visa waiver program its government must certify that it has a program to issue to its nationals machine-readable passports that are tamper-resistant and which incorporate biometric and authentication identifiers that satisfy the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

Why is it that the US government wants everybody to use those RFID chips in the first place then? Bruce Schneier has, yet again, brilliant vista:

The Bush administration is deliberately choosing a less secure technology without justification. If there were a good offsetting reason to choose that technology over a contact chip, then the choice might make sense.

Unfortunately, there is only one possible reason: The administration wants surreptitious access themselves. It wants to be able to identify people in crowds. It wants to surreptitiously pick out the Americans, and pick out the foreigners. It wants to do the very thing that it insists, despite demonstrations to the contrary, can’t be done.

This, of course, is speculation. I haven’t seen another reasonable explanation to date yet though.

The fun thing is that the US government keeps pursuing that course, despite even large independent bodies like the Smart Card Alliance (who actually represents RFID vendors, among others, and thus has it in their best economic interest that RFID chips are used) warning them from privacy and security dangers. If you have a long breath, you might want to read this extensive report from May 2006.

The future

Maybe some time in the future, the technology will be where it needs to be in order to make a private, secure chip that makes international travel easy without exposing its users to unnecessary risks. The proposed RFID chips certainly aren’t that technology.

Of course, even when we eventually do have the technology, other things like better tolerance and education would be more effective in preventing terrorism. But that’s an entirely different discussion.

Joining the Green Party

I had pondered the thought for quite some time, now it happened: I am now a proud member of the Green Party of Switzerland – today the welcome letter of the national party arrived, the cantonal party’s information material should arrive within the next couple of days.

We’ll see how this turns out and how far my political involvement will go, but their party program certainly is right up my occasionally idealist alley and I could imagine taking on more jobs after finishing my studies early next year.

As a matter of fact, Martin Stadelmann who was up for the national elections last year is a personal friend of mine already, from our common time back in the Pfadi St. Josef Köniz (boy scouts), where we both were club president some time ago

Related things in the blogosphere (both German) by the way: Die Offroader-Initiative wurde Pwned!, and the way more reasonable official answer (thanks Ste):

Der Text der Stopp-Offroader-Initiative zielt auf das Gegenteil dessen, was die Initianten anstreben. Das behaupten die Gegner der Initiative um den Bieler Polizeidirektor Jürg Scherrer. Die Bundeskanzlei hat den Text geprüft. Sie sagt, dass der Text zwar nicht optimal redigiert sei, bezeichnet das Vorgehen der Initiativgegner aber als «böswillig».

Update 08-09-09 22:04: There’d have been an information evening for newbies in the Grüne Bern this evening 7pm, but stress at the office kept me from going there (in fact, I’m leaving office only now) And the next one isn’t until December…